home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- VIDEO, Page 80Subversion by Cassette
-
-
- The VCR boom spells trouble for authoritarian regimes
-
-
- In Communist Cuba, movie fans enjoy watching the
- Red-bashing heroics of Rambo on illicit videocassettes. In
- largely Muslim Pakistan, puritanical censors can do little to
- stop a thriving underground market for X-rated videotapes. In
- the Soviet Union, video newsmagazines produced by the weekly
- political magazine Ogonyok supply a provocative alternative to
- government-sanctioned TV news. Karen rebels fighting against the
- government of Burma seek to boost the morale of their troops
- with -- what else? -- camcorder footage from the front.
-
- For most Americans the home-video revolution has meant
- little more than a bigger selection of movies to choose from on
- Saturday night. Elsewhere in the world, however, the video age
- is bringing profound cultural and political changes.
- Authoritarian governments could once restrict the flow of
- information to their citizens by controlling the content of
- radio and TV programs. Now the proliferation of video recorders
- and the free flow of bootlegged tapes have made that task much
- more difficult -- and opened the way for subversion by
- videotape.
-
- Though not yet the staple they have become in the U.S.,
- VCRs are common throughout the Third World, even in the poorest
- and most remote areas. (In Bangladesh, where the annual per
- capita income is about $150, there are an estimated 4,000 video
- clubs.) People who do not have their own VCRs congregate in
- makeshift theaters, video parlors or friends' homes to watch en
- masse. In some areas a number of homes are linked to one VCR in
- a crude (and usually illegal) cable-TV setup.
-
- The main attraction is imported entertainment -- everything
- from Hollywood hits like Rain Man to Indian soap operas and
- Hong Kong martial-arts films. The influx of such fare has tended
- to break down cultural barriers. Authorities in India and
- Pakistan, for example, frown on the viewing of TV shows from
- across the border. But popular Pakistani soap operas have found
- a receptive video audience in India, while Hindi musicals from
- India are hits with VCR watchers in Pakistan.
-
- Some fear that the internationalization of TV entertainment
- may lead to a loss of cultural identity. Chinese kung-fu films
- are popular in Indonesia, for instance, despite criticism that
- such films perpetuate images of Chinese superiority. The booming
- black market in X-rated fare has disturbed religious and
- cultural leaders in several Muslim countries. "Video watching
- is adding to the degeneration of our youngsters," says Selima
- Rahman, an author in Bangladesh. "If it is not checked soon, we
- will be faced with complete moral decadence."
-
- Perhaps the most subversive impact of the VCR, however, can
- be seen in the political arena. No matter how firm a clamp is
- placed on a nation's media, it can be thwarted by a determined
- opposition armed with video cameras. Doordarshan, the state-run
- television network in India, is regarded as a mouthpiece for the
- ruling Congress (I) government; a more objective viewpoint is
- conveyed in the widely circulated video magazine Newstrack. In
- Mexico a group of independent filmmakers produced a video
- documentary showing instances of government fraud after the
- elections in July 1988. Indian tribes in Brazil keep video
- cameras handy to make a record of their tribal customs and to
- record their meetings with government officials. "That way,"
- says Ailton Krenak, director of the Union of Indigenous Nations,
- "we can catch their lies and make them hold true to their
- promises."
-
- Video is also a powerful weapon of revolutionary movements.
- Palestinians are using video to document their claims of
- brutality by Israeli soldiers in suppressing the intifadeh. The
- mujahedin rebels of Afghanistan have shot hundreds of hours of
- videotape, both to rally supporters and to supply foreign news
- organizations with footage from the field. In 1984 members of
- the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization staged a surprise attack
- on a Sri Lankan police station. The attack took place, daringly,
- in broad daylight -- so that it could be recorded on video.
-
- The use of video to flout political and cultural orthodoxy
- has led to government crackdowns. Kenya has instituted a ban on
- videos deemed to be morally offensive; titles on the hit list
- range from Nude Jell-O Wrestling Special to The Year of Living
- Dangerously. In July, Viet Nam's Minister of Culture, Tran Van
- Phac, blaming videotapes for a breakdown in the morals of youth,
- called for strict new measures to limit the importation of VCRs
- and the viewing of cassettes.
-
- Yet elsewhere the spread of videocassettes is helping to
- loosen media restrictions. In Taiwan authorities have relaxed
- their censorship of movies, reasoning that the films will be
- seen uncut anyway on the video black market. Other countries,
- such as Indonesia and Cuba, are trying to broaden the
- entertainment fare offered on national TV channels in an effort
- to compete with home video. "The only way to limit the influence
- of videos," says an official of Indonesia's television
- authority, "is to give people alternatives."
-
-